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The idea for the American silver dollar came from a Spanish coin which was made of nearly one ounce of silver. The American colonists named it the Spanish dollar and the silver coin became quite popular.

The first American silver dollars were minted in 1794, after the US Congress voted to use the dollar as the main form of national currency. It was used along with the Spanish dollar even after the Revolutionary War. The US Mint created silver dollars until the year 1803, and then ceased to make anymore until 1836 – the period of the Old American West.

The people of the Old West preferred the silver dollar to paper bills as they felt the coins held more value being that they were made of silver. In fact, silver dollars were one of the main forms of currency in the mid to late 1800's, second only to gold.

The silver dollar was extremely important to the people of the American West. For those who liked to visit the saloons, it meant having a fair means of exchange for a drink rather than an unspecified pinch of gold by the bartender. It was appreciated by gamblers and river boat travelers, as well as by those purchasing goods from the local mercantile, for the same reason.

Ordinary folk were not the only ones to carry the silver dollar. Many of the Old West's most recognized names used them as well. Jesse James, Billy the Kid, Buffalo Bill Cody and Geronimo were all known to carry silver dollars.

In the Old West the silver dollar was worth far more than a dollar is today. People were able to buy a pair of moccasins for $ 1.00. Compare that to what you pay for a pair of shoes today and those moccasins seem like quite a bargain! Your dollar would also buy you 50 pounds of flour, 10 quarts of milk, 60 pounds of potatoes, two pounds of sugar or five pounds of butter.

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Source by David Slone

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Lynch mobs, posses, noon showdowns …. clearly, laws have changed considerably over the last two centuries. In the 19th century as the American frontier was expanding, many times there were simply not enough lawmen to enforce the laws, or people decided to take matters into their own hands. At any rate, the justice system of the 1800s had some significant differences than the one of today, both formally and informally. Following are three examples of the different ways that justice was obtained, from civil means to downright barbaric acts, in the 19th century.

The lynching of Henry Smith – The lynch mobs of the 1800s provide one of the best examples chaotic and ruthless vigilante justice that has ever been shown. Barbaric by nature, these acts were often committed in the heat of the moment, when anger levels were high and the need for revenge was great. Sadly, many of the people executed were not even guilty of the offenses with which they had been charged, or their crimes were certainly not enough to warrant such a punishment. One of the most famous lynchings during this time period was that of Henry Smith in 1893. Smith was an ex-slave living in Texas when he was accused of the murder of a 3-year-old white girl, the daughter of a policeman. Though his role in the child's murder was not certain, there would be no trial for Smith; once he was found, he would be forced to endure one of the most horrific acts of torture recorded in American history. Before of a crowd of 10,000 people eager to watch Smith suffer, he was tortured relentlessly before being burned alive. With his body lifeless on the ground, the crowd cheered their joy at justice having been served.

The work of Pinkerton detectives – The Pinkerton National Detective Agency provided another means to bring criminals to justice. Founded in 1850, the Pinkertons, as the detectives were known, managed to track hundreds of criminals to see justice served, including Jesse James, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, and the Irish Molly Maguires. At one time the agency employed more agents than the US Army had soldiers, and it had more mug shots than any other law enforcement agency in the country. Besides their fine detective skills, the Pinkertons were also well-known for their diligence in tracking and capturing known criminals, even following some across the several states. The detectives worked hard to see justice served, and it paid off. Though the agency no longer exists today as it did then, it is remembered as a successful law enforcement group that worked tirelessly to defend the rights and freedoms of law-abiding citizens and give criminals their due.

Murder trial of The Octavius ​​Barron – When Octavius ​​Barron murdered William Lyman in 1837, he was Granted a fair trial by vBulletin® the public in Rochester, New York. On the night of October 20, 18-year-old Barron pointed his pistol at the back of Lyman's head and fired at point blank range. It did not take long for authorities to piece together what Barron had done; with his open bragging of the crime, his reputation as a less than respectable citizen, and even eye witness accounts, police officers were quick to find and arrest the young man. Charged with murder, Barron faced a trial that was scheduled to begin on May 28, 1838. Though it lasted only 10 days, the trial was a spectacle to behold for the citizens of Rochester, who packed the courthouse daily. Eager to hear all the details, jurors, attorneys, court employees, and the public listened intently to hours of argument from both the prosecution and the defense. All the while, Barron maintained his plea of ​​not guilty. The jury spent only 15 minutes deciding the young man's fate; he was guilty with a sentence to die. After his execution on July 25, 1838, the majority opinion was that justice had been served – a life for a life.

But the story of Octavius ​​Barron and William Lyman does not end there. You can learn more about the men, the murder, and the meaning of redemption with "Visions: True Stories of the Supernatural," a documentary by Ad-Hoc Productions. More about this Learn fascinating tale at Http://www.ad-hoc-productions.com/ .

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Source by Michael Keene

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Why has the US dollar devalued by 95 percent since the Federal Reserve was created? This has been caused by inflation. Perpetuating inflation is something that the Federal Reserve is very good at and something that has serious consequences for everybody in the future. This means today's hard-earned wealth will be worth even less tomorrow.

Nearly all Americans assume that the Federal Reserve is just another government agency that sets our interest rates and watches out for the best interests of the American people. It is really a private banking cartel which is systematically undermining America's assets.

How This Happened

On February 3rd, 1913 the 16th Amendment to the US Constitution was put into law giving Congress the "power to lay and collect taxes on incomes". Later that same year, the United States Revenue Act of 1913 was ratified which imposed a personal income tax on the American citizens. We have been subjected to these income taxes ever since.

Most people do not know that, also in 1913, the Federal Reserve Act was rammed through Congress on December 23. At that time, many members of the US Congress were home for the holiday. The President, Woodrow Wilson, signed it into law one hour after it was passed by the Congress! Someone was in a real hurry to sneak this law in.

Buried in this legislation was the granting of total power over the monetary policies of all US banks to the Federal Reserve. Also buried in this legislation was this phrase: "the right to amend, alter, or repeal this Act is hereby expressly reserved". What it did not say, though, was WHO this right was "reserved" for! This is where US monetary policies went straight to … you know where.

Did you know that the US Government also has absolutely no official control over the international operations of the Federal Reserve banks. The Federal Reserve banks are even exempt from any taxation!

Now the Federal Reserve has become so influential that it is often referred to as "the fourth branch of government". Although it has such a lot of influence, there are fewer checks and balances on the Federal Reserve than there are on any of the other 3 branches of government. The Federal Reserve has more power over the performance of the US economy than any other organization.

So each time more money is printed, additional debt is added on. The federal government delivers US Treasury bonds to the Federal Reserve, and the Federal Reserve only gives the US government "Federal Reserve Notes" (paper currency) in return. The US government lets the Federal Reserve generate dollars out of thin air with absolutely nothing backing their worth.

Then the US government borrows that same printed money from the Fed which increases the national debt as well as inflation. At the same time that this new debt is acquired by our government, the amount of interest that the US government is required to pay on that debt is also created.

It is not an agency of the Federal Government and is, as a consequence, not subject to the Freedom of Information Act. Overseas governments and foreign banks own considerable interest-bearing shares of our Federal Reserve system. Did you know that!

The worth of your dollars, availability of jobs, rates of interest for loans as well as the rate of home foreclosures are all determined by a small number of elite private bankers who manage the Federal Reserve. Now we are seeing more and more companies closing their doors because they can not survive in this economic climate.

The Numbers Do not Lie

> The US national debt increased by more than a trillion dollars for the fourth straight year in 2012.

> The US government added more to the national debt on the first day of fiscal year 2013 than it did from 1776 to 1941 combined.

> In the fiscal year of 2011, over 454 billion dollars that was taken out of our pockets in the form of interest payments on our national debt. That money goes into the pockets of wealthy individuals and foreign governments around the globe.

> The Federal Reserve was created in 1913. Since then, the US dollar has declined in value by over 95 percent. One dollar in 1913 is now worth about 4 cents in America today.

> The US national debt grew during the first four years of the Obama administration by about as much as it did from the time that George Washington took office to the time that George W. Bush took office.

> The US has lost more than 56,000 manufacturing facilities since 2001.

> The US is losing at least a half a million jobs to China every single year.

> Russia and China are both stocking up on gold like they have never done before.

> Germany and other countries are repatriating their gold away from central bank deposits.

> Many ultra-wealthy Americans and many of the most profitable corporations in this country and worldwide are paying little to nothing in taxes.

> According to the Swiss Federal Institute, a network of 147 mega-corporations control 40 percent of all the wealth in the world.

> Seven banks in the world have an influence over 80 percent of worldwide transactions. These banks loan money to smaller banks under them. Only one-tenth of the money that a smaller bank has is actually in the bank itself. The other 90 percent is loaned out to its customers who are paying interest on that money.

> There are nearly half a million employees of the federal government making over $ 100,000 a year.

Conclusions

According to Article I, Section 8 of the US Constitution, the US Congress had originally been given the responsibility to "coin money, regulate the value thereof …", but this is no longer the case. For some reason the Congress and the people of the United States have been seduced into losing this power that it was granted by the Constitution.

There is a lot more money being exchanged under the table, unfortunately, than most people are even aware of. The Bible says that the love of money is the root of all evil.

Thomas Jefferson once declared that if he could have added just one more amendment to the US Constitution it would have been a "ban on all government borrowing …". We should have done what he suggested. In this nation's lust for power and prestige on the world stage, it has fallen into the trap of borrowing money mainly for appearances sake.

This practice has to be stopped now before it is too late. We all need to get behind a movement of the people to force our government to make changes now. This movement can not be based behind any political party either. We no longer have a representative style of government. An effective movement must be based upon the Constitutional foundation of our country.

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Source by Robert Bradshaw

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In his work, "Portraits of the Whiteman", Keith H. Basso described and analyzed the attempts of Western Apaches to understand Anglo-Americans by determining how they view themselves and the world around them, and making profound observations about their peculiar ways through the technique of verbal humor. Appropriated this way as a dominant topic of jokes and other humorous oral narratives, the "Whiteman" according to Basso is an informal abstraction of Anglo-Americans based on the "typifications and relevances" that Indian people employ in order to rationalize their collective experiences with anglo-Americans. This subgenre of Native American humor has evolved through decades and covers various types of engagements. Moreover, it allowed Indians to define Whitemen by juxtaposing Anglo-American values ​​against those of other people. Implicitly, the goal of such juxtapositions involved communicating the essence of what the Whiteman stands for or what he represents, and what this eventually means to the Native American people. As a result, the abstraction "Whiteman" has evolved into a "social category," a "cultural symbol," and a "multipurpose instrument" that Native Americans use not only for lending meaning to the actions or statements of Whitemen, but also as a channel for social commentary and dissent.

The telling of Whiteman jokes is prevalent among Native Americans and varies greatly. This is because the juxtaposition Indian vs. Whiteman is relatively fixed and general but the manner they are narrated is flexible, specially in the context of which particular Native American people (Apache, Hopi, Sioux, etc.) controls the telling. That is, the Whiteman is portrayed differently because the Indians in the narratives are also depicted differently. The socio-cultural outcome of the narratives remains constant, however: by lending meaning to the Whiteman, the meaning of being an "Indian" is articulated as well. In particular, during Apache "joking performances" Apache jokers who imitate the White Man assume the trappings and identity of Anglo Americans and succeed in creating a social portrait of their subjects. At first, such imitations were rare, with Apaches believing that Anglo-Americans do not have the equanimity to personally absorb jokes or parodies of themselves such as the Apaches do, making the humorous impersonations somewhat dangerous during the days when the Whiteman was just beginning to visit and stay in the reservation.

In Apache joking art, the 'primary message' is usually based on a collage of real experience and commonly believed history. The joker builds from this resource to construct 'secondary texts,' which are made more colorful or ridiculous through the use of different techniques including caricature, hyperbole and the poetic license to disrupt. As impersonations in the thinly demarcated lines of "joking acts" and "acts of joking" became more frequent, Western Apaches came to appreciate jokes about the Whiteman as both 'funny' and 'dangerous.' This is because impersonations in different joking performances stand open to any interpretation, including those that could be socially disruptive as when models used in the verbal play are slurs, criticisms, and insults that may be initially directed at the Whiteman but could also more painfully extend to people in the audience. If the joker reneged on his responsibility to his audience by losing control of the different nuances his joke attempts to communicate, then the performance fails, usually resulting to some of the play participants getting hurt-either emotionally or physically. This is specially so when secondary texts-which are often extremely derisive of and potentially character-damaging to the particular person who is the butt of the joke-are perceived to be the primary message. This effectively breaks the joking framework and the verbal performance is then interpreted not as a sanitized joke but as a direct insult. An example is when a joker fails to deliver a performance flawlessly where the result only reminds the Indian audience of the "unfunny" fact (primary message) that Anglo-Americans do make them feel very small. However, perfectly executed performances such as those wherein the joker establishes a well balanced reflexivity between his message and the audience are commonly interpreted as valid, dramatized denunciations of the ways by which Anglo-Americans usually treat or interact with Indians. In this sense, one key feature of Apache life is depicted: "serious things are always getting said in what appears to be unserious ways."

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Source by Joseph D Mapue

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The Snake

If you were born between October 24th and November 21st, you were born under the sign of the snake. This article will describe what is likely to be your personality and character traits and offer ways in which the snake totem can help you as a spirit companion.

Spiritual Growth

In Native American spirituality, the snake represents the opportunity for transformation and healing. It brings rebirth and resurrection, and offers wisdom and initiation into a new life. As we release that which no longer serves us, it dies in our lives, making way for something new to be created, to be born in us.

Look for what needs to heal in your life and then call on snake to help you heal it and weather the transition that ensues. Transitions are likely to come quickly and resolve quickly.

Snake can help awaken your creativity, stimulate deeper perception, greater insight and more accurate intuition. It can help you see into the hearts of others and know them more truly than you were able to before. Trust the insights that come to you about others. They may seem strange but are usually right.

Snake Totem Character Traits

"The feelings of people born under the sign of the snake can be intense, but these people are also cautious. They avoid revealing their weaknesses to others. On the surface, they are bold and confident people, but this facade masks insecurity and a need to protect their feelings. Those born under the snake sign have the ability to sum up others at a glance and see right through charlatans almost before they have spoken. " -Deborah Durbin, Simply Native American Astrology

They are able to do the same thing in new situations, knowing almost immediately, on an intuitive level, whether the situation is a good one or a bad one. They may have an interest in the occult, but want proof before they believe any particular claim.

They make great strategists, so if they are headed somewhere in life, you can bet they have a detailed plan for getting there.

Trusting the people they love, and even coworkers and friends, is an important need for them. They will do whatever is needed for someone they trust, but once a situation proves that they can not trust someone, that trust is gone for good!

Because they are determines, passionate and intense, snake people work hard and play hard. They can take on a huge workload and will be there before anyone else arrives, getting it done. But they also love to have parties and to travel, playing as intensely as they work. They are good at organizing and reliable problem solvers.

Using their intuitive ability, they often see a problem coming down the road long before it actually manifests, and usually, they are right.

Though they are kind and generous with the people they love, they also argue intensely and sometimes do not realize what impact they are having on other people. Others may leave or reject that overbearing, insistent manner and then they wonder what happened, what they did wrong that led to losing the relationship.

Professions

People born under this sign are great in positions of leadership and authority, and in jobs or careers where they can feel like they are doing something of value and can help people sort out their problems. This offers a variety of possibilities, including police work, medical professions, sports trainers and others.

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Source by Jeanine Byers

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I watched a very disturbing and enlightening video about drugs, the CIA, and American governmental corruption last night. The title is CONSPIRACY, THE SECRET HISTORY, SECRET HEARTBEAT OF AMERICA – The CIA & Drugs. New Science Ideas is the producer. Every American should watch this video.

It seems people overseas know more about the CIA than most Americans. Of course there is a reason for this. Our media is censored in the name of "national security" matters. National security, as you will learn, is a subject that shows up in the weirdest places.

The drugging of America costs us more than $ 16 billion a year and has killed more people than the Vietnam war. Who profits and who is responsible? Follow the money.

Ironically when first lady Nancy Reagan was saying "Just say no to drugs." the CIA and Barry Seal were bringing them in from Medellin, Colombia. The agency used the cocaine money once sold in the USA to buy and bring arms to the contras to Nicaragua. Oliver North was heavily involved in the fiasco.

Anyone in Mena, Arkansas who tried to expose this circle of corruption, including the head prosecutor, was threatened or killed. When two young men saw a drug drop by the train tracks in Arkansas, they were immediately knocked off. The cover-up ran throughout local and state government. President Clinton was the Governor of Arkansas at that time. He played along keeping quiet and afterward got lots of drug money donated to his presidential campaigns.

President Bush I was no less guilty as former director of the CIA. His watchful eye and reading of the CIA briefings, which he as a former President still reads daily, makes him equally liable during his tenure as Vice President. At least they got that word vice right?

The people who caused the cocaine epidemic that swept the nation during the 1980s was not African Americans in the ghetto. Many of them in those days could barely cash a paycheck, much less smuggle drugs via planes into the country. When the USA has satellite technology capable of reading the writing on a golf ball, there should be no difficulty tracking down the likes of drug smugglers and Bin Laden. That is unless you are covertly working with them.

A three-year investigation into the life and times of Barry Seal, one of the most famous CIA agents and successful drug smugglers in America's history, revealed the extent of governmental corruption throughout America.

When Mena, Arkansas was brought up during the Oliver North trial, suddenly everything went into closed quarters away from the public eye. Post why? What does the government know that it does not want the American people to know?

When international drug distribution organizations are integrated vertically throughout our government, there is room for concern. Dan Harmon was involved in the obstruction of justice locally n Saline County, Arkansas. He was indicted and found guilty on 5 of 11 charges. Sucking off the tit of shameful governmental secret operations, Harmon was never charged for murder in the two train deaths. After his release from prison, Harmon was promoted. I guess it pays to be connected and play along.

New Orleans attorney Sam Dalton poignantly said, "When the government involves itself in activities like the CIA and starts averting natural events and the natural course of history, that is where the government itself becomes the criminal. This whole thing is hiding in plain sight. If you want a scandal, investigate retired DEA agents net worth and put it together. If the American people do not make the government start behaving soon, we're going to reach the point of no return. "

With Barry Seal and the CIA working the drug trade, they found in the deep south some compliant and cooperative governors. Hence the list of later Presidents elected from the south.

The FBI went to the New Orleans police office and seized the trunk and walked out with it, when Barry Seal died. The state judge had to back up attorney Sam Dalton and hold the FBI in contempt of court to get what evidence it needed for discovery. Sam Dalton also wanted to subpoena the CIA, but was unable to do so.

Jaws is not over until the sheriff meets the shark. Mena, Arkansas proved to be the biggest drop point for drugs in the entire country, a $ 130 billion dollar industry. It's rather easy apparently to finance a governmental covert operation, when all airport personnel are willing to play along. The secret wars of the CIA 1981-1987 is written about by Woodward. The Clintons were partners in power.

To see the real culprits look around the periphery – not the smoking gun, but the bent twigs. Note the deaths, firings, threats, and attacks upon people in the know. Dan Lasater, a convicted drug dealer, was a big Clinton supporter. Jerry Parks, the head of than governor Clinton's security detail, was killed in a hail of gunfire after telling associates he was a dead man one month after Vince Foster died. Arkansas criminal investigator Russell Welch got poisonous military grade anthrax sprayed in his face for his probe into the coverup.

Arkansas state coroner Bobby Malick (an Egyptian) played right along claiming he never made a mistake in 7000 autopsies. When the two young men who were killed on the train tracks for seeing a drug drop, Malick claimed it was a suicide. When the parents did not believe it, he decided to tell them the boys had high amounts of marijuana in their systems. However the 2nd autopsy revealed that stabbings had occurred along with a bruise to the face from what looked like the butt of a rifle. The boys lungs had 3 times the normal amount of blood in them, which indicated they were not killed by the impact of a train.

Sheriff Jim Stead, another participant in the coverup, called it a thorough investigation. The boy's mother disagreed considering her son's foot was left laying on the train tracks for 2 days. The green tarp seen by many after the impact of the train also brought into question a government cover-up.

Prosecutor Jean Duffey was one of the few would did not play along. She was threatened and eventually run out of town. She thought her life was in danger and moved to Houston, TX where she now teaches high school geometry. Duffey was appointed to head a federally funded drug task force in Arkansas. The day she was appointed Gary Arnold walked in and told her she was not to use the task force to investigate any public officials.

Duffey was put in charge of half-a-dozen under cover agents. They could not get much above street level buying, but when they started connecting public officials to protecting the drug dealers Dan Harmon's name came up immediately and most frequently. The train deaths became the most famous unsolved mystery in Arkansas history. It received national attention and 1,000 newspapers wrote about it. Possible witnesses however were turning up dead.

Drug drops from low flying airplanes, which local residents reported hearing many nights, were never investigated by any law enforcement agency in the district. The drugs were being dropped in the same vicinity where Kevin & Don had been murdered along the train tracks.

Prosecutor Jean Duffey was the object of a smear campaign. Basically she was getting too close to the 7th judicial district. Hence she was fired in order to cover their asses. In 1991, drug task force secret agent Scott Loellen quit, saying "There is just too much dirt behind the scenes." He served Saline, Grant, and Hot Springs counties. He later bad mouthed the drug task force saying, "That district is immersed in a reign of corruption that has important and powerful connections to political, judicial, and law enforcement officials."

As an under cover officer, Scott gathered evidence of illegal activity, but for some reason the drug task force chose to ignore him. He quit because of the firing of Jean Duffey, the drug task force administrator.

In June 1990, Dan Harmon became the district's prosecutor elect. Harmon's first news conference and interview was entirely used to discredit Jean Duffey, who was disposed of and forced to flee to Houston, TX as her life was in danger.

Prosecutor Dan Harmon was on the tracks the night the boys were murdered. State police also were not doing their job. The mothers of the deceased boys were promised convictions in the 1990 federal investigation, when suddenly Chuck Banks shut down the investigation in June of 1991.

Other bits and pieces of evidence linking it all together was the fact that in the 1980s a former top CIA official kept a 2nd home in Medellin, Colombia.

Some other juicy tidbits of information. Oliver North's 1st national program office was at Laguna Airfield, where 1400 lbs of cocaine was found on the runway.

Southern Air Transport, owned and operated by the CIA, provided the agency a subcontractor for plausible deniability while they dealt in drugs and arms trade. The privatization of American intelligence is the way the agency works.

The British version of 60 minutes, The Big Story, showed the trail of drug smuggling and gun running that led to the door of the White House. It exposed the blundering government coverups spanning seven investigations and some long frustrating years. The show revealing the cocaine connection was immediately banned in the USA within hours of its release.

During the days of the Oliver North trial, some 500 documents were shredded over 3 days. All our enemies knew it, but North wanted to conceal and keep it from Congress. Even surfers in Nicaragua named a surf spot after him do to the agency's base there. As for Mena, Arkansas, it was home to Operation Black Eagle, the most massive covert operation in US history.

1101 Mena St. is the local to the secret history of our life and times as a nation trafficking in drugs and arms. It is a small obscure town in western Arkansas, with a population around 5,000 people. With no tower and monitoring of flights, Barry Seal found Mena to be the perfect place to fly in and out without being recorded. Barry brought up to $ 5 billion of cocaine into the USA during the 1980s. Mena was where he based his cargo airline and parked his one of three C123 planes that made trips to Colombia and Nicaragua.

The mere mention of Mena has been sending chills down the spines of government propaganda officials for years. It's nice to see the Democrats and Republicans work together on something. The doping of America is truly a bipartisan coverup.

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Source by Paul Davis

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We can not to tell you more about her good qualities, that's quite impossible. But we will tell you some of the qualities that the public, the press and the Hollywood knows about her.

Hailed to be the real embodiment of America's True Princess, bypassing Caroline Kennedy Schlossberg and her sister Nicky Hilton in the third place, Paris Hilton seem to have captured the American majority opinion on what an American Princess should be like.

That was stunning indeed since for long years, Ms. Caroline had been reigning as the epitome of being the American Princess. But this result lead to the conclusion that an American Princess is very far from being an American Royalty where class, intelligence, finesse, beauty and everything admirable in between take the greater part of the pie. American Princess therefore means that the "princess' must be from a famous family (not necessarily a good one), and should be backed by great wealth and acceptable attitude. The rest of the criteria include a split between a multi-dollar home, jewelries , expensive clothes and a trust fund.

Well, that basically speaks Paris Hilton's qualities. Some calls that chic while others despise her fate.

Her absurdities- A Hollywood writer once commented that Paris Hilton is like a black hole, she sucks the light out by her mere presence. That's how absurd other people see her while other thinks in what she has said before-that she gives hope to the young American people and to the world.

Her money and its effects- Being the heiress of the hotel magnate, Paris is destined to practically get what her grandfather has earned through hard work. That virtually gave her the chance to live a life in full liberty, luxury and expensive items to swing over her neck. And unlike many other women who came from well-respected American royal families, Paris Hilton was raised as a princess but with the exception of refined character, intelligence and elegance.

Her immense money deprived her of the trainings that life could give her to become a well thought-of personality. Beautiful people, as it was once written, were those who have suffered trials, went into the deep caves of suffering, and endured life's tests and in the end, triumphed life's challenges and turned out to be the souls that contribute much for the benefit of the world and humanity. Well, that keeps Paris Hilton way beyond the borders.

Her money also bought her way into the spotlight of Hollywood. She can pay even the most expensive publicists without even scratching the surface of her wealth. These people can bring her almost instantly into the public's eye without having to endure the experience little people have to go through just to get even 30 seconds of fame.

Her popularity- Many people have various opinions on her popularity. Some people see her as nothing but anther beautiful face pampered with money while many maintains that she is someone worthy of all these media exposure. Some people admit that without her fortune, she would be reduced to a witless, skinny woman who, in case you have met her in the street, would not even catch your single glimpse.

It is a wonder for so many that she gets the popularity she has now. Maybe the media created her but also, maybe it is the public that brought her into popularity. But, definitely, she has contributed nothing, except pay some good publicists plus the leisure of subjecting herself and her unwanted attitude to extreme public scrutiny.

On some aspects, she is being treated like a beneficial goddess who has contributed much for the welfare of young people and the world in general. Well, she has promised some time ago that she would donate something for the unfortunate which could have made her popularity useful. There are still no updates on this issue though.

Further, there are lots of people who doubt her fame. Is she famous because she buys it with her money or is she famous because people see something special in her? This questions, along with numerous others, have doubted the mysteries of her popularity. Nonetheless, so long as people are eager to read or write her stories, so long as the media gives her airtime, so long as the internet continues to talk about her and so long as her money gives her the insurances, she will always be the epitome of an American Princess that speaks well of her qualities.

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Source by Nathalie Fiset

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Apparently, people do not only hate Paris Hilton, they loathe everything about her- down to the tiniest details. You could not only see haters in forums, there are also a number of weblogs that expose personal views of people who do not want her.

But the arising question to all of these is- why do people spend so much of their time hating someone they do not personally know? Americans, and even people around the world, seem to have grown heated against Paris Hilton, which naturally happens at one point or another to other people. But this degree of common hate against a personality is something that is quite intriguing. And this hate, in fact, contributes a lot to her popularity, whether if it were good popularity or not.

If you will search through Google about Paris Hilton, you may find it surprising that her name seems to have covered hundreds of thousands of web pages (that's too much for a person who really has no beneficial contribution to the writers and webloggers of these pages) . Maybe she, after all, worked her way into the media and public eye which makes her popularity reasonable.

There is a diverse opinion why people hate her so much. And each person seems to have his or her personal point of view why she is one of the most distasteful personalities in the Hollywood. Nonetheless, we could not negate the fact that she was recently crowned as the American Princess. This does not necessarily mean though that she has the qualities of a royalty but American women all agree, with a stunning 48% of all those surveyed, that Paris Hilton is the epitome of being an American Princess icon.

One of the most interesting reasons why people hate Paris Hilton so much is her superficiality. Many people are superficial enough but it is quite surprising that Paris Hilton seems to have developed an extreme ostentation that is often confused with the possibility that what we see in her is her real personality. She has the type of relentless attitude that knows no regard to other people. She can say whatever she wants without being reprimanded. While most of us have learned that racism leads nowhere but endless and pointless moot, she seem to suggest that she is yet to learn that fact.

Paris Hilton is also being hated because probably she mirrors the character that most Americans do not want to get exposed, she is the personification of America's worst. Her unreasonable fame is also attributed, at large, on her wealth alongside with her purchase of beauty and mass adoration. Most Americans would only get what she has only in their dreams but she seems fortunate enough that she was bestowed everything that signifies opulence and recognition, however maligned the latter is. And everything she has now were effortlessly acquired, except of course the publicity with which she has to play some roles. Nevertheless, everything else was gathered through bypassing all handwork, which by the way builds character.

How many Hollywood stars toiled their way into the scene through building their career over the years, some even amounting to decades of hardwork. And there are countless others who have been working all their lives but never got their dreams accomplished. Plus how many more unfortunate others are there who never even got a single streak of luck just to have a one-shot chance to a better life? But Paris Hilton, an extremely lucky heiress to the fortunes of his hardworking grandfather has not seen even a pinch of reality these nameless people have encountered.

Even with of the long standing tradition of untalented Hollywood beauties, Paris Hilton seems to have gathered more attention as compared with all those equally untalented beauties who preceded her. This could be attributed to her colossal ego that serves as the sixth force of nature and her overpowering charisma which seem to have been strategically marketed to young teens- a credit to her publicists who have made her not a personality but a commodity and made her into something that magnets all spotlights.

There is one guarantee to Paris Hilton though- even if all her wealth were spent- people would not run low of reasons on why they hate her so much.

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Source by Nathalie Fiset

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Jazz music which is thought to be an art creation of the American blacks during the early decades of the twentieth century has been an important subject of the social history of US. It gained popularity not only as an art form but it also helped the hapless blacks, who were the offspring of the enslaved African origin blacks brought into America by the white settlers to exploit them for their labor needs, to gain a social standing through the power of music. They, with the help of influential jazz music, brought to limelight the miseries that they are suffering because of the racial hatred.

Initially the jazz music flourished in the South American region. New Orleans was especially very dear to this art. From there it traveled to all parts of America. In the beginning years there was strong resistance seen on the part of whites who could not see the blacks progressing in some field. But despite all their malicious efforts to suppress the jazz music being spread into society, they themselves were vanquished by its influence. It made itself as a hallmark of the US culture. Whites and immigrants from other regions of world were seen getting into this music.

The music when adopted by people from different ethnic backgrounds living in the multicultural society of US groomed further and many other variations were developed of it. All these happenings with the jazz were signifying the growing influence of the Negroes. The lyrics of their songs, especially the improvisation technique used in the Jazz which allows the singer to sing without even the tune, were expressive of their true emotions and their social sufferings on being the isolated and neglected portion of the society. It, in a sense, played a considerable role in reducing the racial differences. Other people of different ethnicities also used it to raise their voice.

Jazz was setting its roots in the music landscape and became popular in all people. Because of its rapid development people started calling it the rise of 'Jazz Culture' in America.

It was just after the end of slavery in US the Jazz music started to grow. The slave trade, though it was ended by the American law, had profound effects for the US society. It generated a milieu of hatred for blacks toward whites and vice versa. This legacy had to last for generations and according to the recent studies there is still a huge tendency of racism that exist in American people. In addition to this there were immigrants from other regions of the world that further amplified the diversity and nationalistic feelings among people who were now living together in the multi-ethnic society of US. In such an atmosphere the empowerment of blacks through the help of their arts movements was a historic marvel. It was not just music that was their sole part of the black arts movement. Other genres of art like poetry, fiction, fashion were also distinctively used by them

In the city of New Orleans where the Jazz music was born there was a peculiar tradition among people. During the funerals the people were consoled by these jazz singers who used to play funeral songs that soothed the family and friends of the dead person. This practice was becoming more and more prominent and was taking a shape of a must element of funeral processions. Moreover the people of New Orleans were very fond of holding music parties, concerts, balls, etc. that further paved the way for jazz to get fame among people. In this way the city of New Orleans mushroomed jazz culture and is therefore called the mother city of jazz music. One of the most famous and much cherished jazz singer Louis Armstrong also belonged to that place.

From New Orleans Jazz was entering into the boundaries of New York and Chicago. These cities also proved to be welcoming for it. So large was becoming its influence that many recording companies, who initially were not providing equal opportunity to black artists to record their albums, started to give access to these jazz singers to prepare their albums in the recording houses. That rapidly boosted the growth of jazz music. Firstly the recording companies which were mainly owned by whites were skeptic that the jazz would be liked by the greater masses.

The things got contrary to their expectations. The jazz music was even adopted by whites who fell in love with it and made their own variations of the jazz. It was becoming the voice of the people. After its commercialization and likeness by the people more black singers were encouraged to release their albums. In this way they were assimilating their identities with other segments of the society. They were listened, played and copied. Their message that began to come in front of mounting audience helped to eliminate the prejudiced thoughts directed toward them.

Jazz music was a quintessential part of the famous Black Arts movement and its efficacy to bring the voice of blacks to the limelight proved more good than other arts. There were singers like Louis Armstrong, Charlie Parker, Duke Ellington, etc. who played a superb role in utilizing Jazz as a platform to express the miseries, fears, dangers, hatred and negligence the blacks face on the hands of whites. Initially, when the jazz was being adopted by white singers, the runners of Black Arts movement considered it as a threat and protested the involvement of non-blacks in it.

After the 1950s the Asian-Americans were also seen getting into Jazz. They too uses jazz to raise their voice which helped them to raise their social status. They were able to cast a political influence on the higher powers as well.

Jazz was a wonderful addition in the field of music and had been a healthy form of entertainment. A music that grew at a place where the subjugated class – blacks – had little opportunity to compete with the self-supposed superiors – whites – who could have set obstacles for the Jazz music to start its drive to nadir before making any rise. And in fact initially the intentions of the whites were not different than this but as the outburst of emotions can not be stopped they realized that the Jazz had to cross limits.

As the people of America have had love for music, the jazz not only became an entertaining music for them but it was to become the very part of the US culture and the way of American Life. Magazines, Newspapers, and the Television provided considerable space to the stuff related to jazz. Why the jazz made such a glorious fame was because of the characteristic of jazz which allows the intensity of emotions to be interpreted in the music. Now many other form of jazz are developed which testifies it has a potential to win more hearts and last forever.

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Source by Nauman Lodhi

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In America today, there are many discussions about racism, diversity and cultures. Some believe we are a melting pot with blended families and everyone is treated equal. While others view our society as one of disparate treatment, inequities among the races and injustice and unfair treatment inflicted by the majority population towards minorities.

One culture of people that does not appear often in today's headlines is the Native Americans. In my opinion, there is little discussion about their experience and their sacrifices. While much is said in regards to Jewish holocaust experience, Vietnamese and Latino immigration experience and the African American slavery experience, there is little mention of the first inhabitants of American soil.

After reading the Fact of Life by George Russell, the Native American experience interests me. Thus, I pose the question did the US Government's negative impact on Native Americans caused an annihilation of the first inhabitants of American soil. If they have not been annihilated have they blended into mainstream America without a trace of their own culture and heritage? If they still exist, as a separate culture / race of people, I want to know how did they survive and what is their status in today's society. This paper is my attempt to uncover the answers to the above questions and reach a conclusion in regards to the Native Americans.

Prior to 1492, Native Americans roamed the plains of the vast lands that later became known as the United States of America. During this time, they had their own culture, language, and society. The Native Americans culture was similar to other people that inherited the earth. They had a sense of family, values, spirituality, and survival, as they harvested the land, hunted fish and made a living for them. These Native Americans existed in tribal relationships with each tribe having their own language, nutritional habits, and religion and spirituality and beliefs system. Some of these tribes were known as of Mogollon, Atezc, Cherokee, and Navajo.

Before the 1492 invasion by Europeans, the first inhabitants existed in a vast population. However, after the Europeans began their colonization and land confiscation, many changes occurred for the people who later became known as Native Indians / Native Americans. These changes occurred as a direct result of the actions of European settlers. With the arrival of Europeans settlers and government's intervention, the Indians land system changed forever.

As the Europeans descended on this land, they begin to put their own government in place. The Dutch, French, English and Spanish created a government relevant to their native experience and began to claim territorial rights, in North America. This was a way for these invaders to set up laws that they thought would be a practical and appropriate manner to acquire the land.

Although, initially the new setters were seeking to compromise and establish mutually acceptable terms. Over time, those first inhabitants were deprived of their rights of land ownership with severe consequences to them. The initial policies established by the settlers, required payment for the acquisition of land from the native landholders. However, the government did not uniformly enforce this policy to all Indians. Occasionally they would pay the Indians and other times they would acquire the land by right of occupancy. Thus, these settlers were manipulating the Native Americans and the squatter's rights prevailed. The land was acquired from Native Americans by these settlers by a squatter merely taking up residency on the property with no payment to the Indians. This became the prevailing practice as competition for land ownership existed among the settlers.

As the settlers' families increased so did the need to acquire more land. Frustrations over previous land ownership laws became prevalent among the settlers. Many were looking for justification to enhance their cause and quest for additional land ownership. Not only did they look for revisions in laws but religious justification for their actions. Some of the arguments that were presented were that the Indians did not own the land by natural right, that the Bible required man to inherit the earth and the Indians were not considered men. Thus, laws begin to formulate solely to benefit the settlers. Therefore, violence and bloodshed erupted between the settlers and Indians.

Congress step in and bridge a gap between farmer and Indian in 1756 appointing Sir William Johnson and Edmund Atkin as superintendents of the newly created north and south districts for Indian affairs. Their report indicated that colonist frequently and fraudulently purchased Indian lands or occupied the land without consent or benefit of title. The relationships between the settlers and Indian became more strained, and armed conflicts increased.

America's attention was diverted to a war with Great Britain, and the issues between the settlers and the Indians were decided in the settler's favor. The government created a new structure based on the Articles of Confederation. This new structure as well as Congress enactment of laws, disadvantaged the Indians' rights to land ownership.

The American government began to conquer villages and tribal nations with the intent to make treaties with the Indians. These treaties would arbitrarily draw boundaries lines in favor of the government. The government became the landowner and force the Native Americans into land reserved and designated solely for them. This land later became known as Indian Reservations.

After the new government intervened, the American Indians were not considered a citizen. This was the precursor to the government forcing the Indians off their land and turning some into slaves, or prisoner of war. Not only were they stripped of their land, enslaved, some were killed, many were also plagued with diseases, and relegated to land that was not as desirable. The annihilation of the American Indians began.

The beginning of Columbus sparked a 400-year cycle and the exploitation, enslavement, and genocide has plagued the American Indians for centuries. In 400 years, a massive number of Indians have been exterminated through genocide.

Summary

This reminds me of the disadvantage small farmers of the 21st- century. After a number of disappointments (treaties, land grant, housing) American Indians continue to develop strong cultural boundaries between them and the government. Now in the 21st century, we need to appreciate the accomplishment and contributions that American Indians have made to humanity and the land. In a Washington Post article dated Friday, July 27, 2001, some appreciation and acknowledgment was bestowed upon the Navajo Indians for their contributions made during World War II. This is just one step in recognizing the Native Americans for their diversity, culture and values ​​that they bring to all America.

Former President Kennedy further amplifies this in his quote below.

"It seems a basic requirement to study the history of our Indian people. America has much to learn about the heritage of our American Indians. Only through this study can we as a nation do what must be done if our treatment of the American Indian is not to be marked down for all time as a national disgrace. " John F. Kennedy-1963

Reference:
Russell, George (1997 80p) The Fact of Life: Russell Publication, Phoenix, AZ
R. Douglas-Hurt (C. 1987) (290p) Indian Agriculture in America
Steve, Vogel (Washington Post, July 27, 2001 (B3p) Creator of World War II Code Are Given Gold Medals
Internet Sources:
Newhouse, Heather "The Mogollon Culture (The Preclassic Period (Mesoamerican Civilization) 2000 BC to AD 250

Written by Dennis S. Murray Sr

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Source by Dennis Shannon Murray